Ancient Egypt Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays

Ancient Egypt Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays Ancient Egypt Between 3100 and 332 B.C was the rise and climax of one of the richest and oldest ancient civilizations. It?s lifeline was the Nile river in the Nile valley. Here, Egyptian dynasties ruled from the first cataract of the Nile to the Mediterranean Sea. At the it?s height it ruled an empire that reached from Syria in the east to Nubia in the south. In this report I will be covering the Archaic Period, the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom the New Kingdom and The Late Period or 3100-332 B.C. Archaic Period: 3100 B.C to 2750 B.C There long history began with there first King who began the first Egyptian dynasty. In 3100 B.C Pharaoh Menes united upper and lower Egypt. Making Egypt?s first empire. In doing so, he made the Egyptian double crown. It was made by putting the red crown of Lower Egypt on top of the white crown of upper Egypt. Menes ruled from the ancient city of Thinis near Abydos. Under his reign the first hieroglyphic writing was made. He is also credited with making his empire interdependent. Old Kingdom: 2750 B.C to 2181 B.C / First Intermediate Period: 2182-2260 Little is known about Menes successors until the reign of Zoser at the end of the 3rd dynasty. His capital was located at Memphis on the Nile?s west bank. He built the world?s first pyramid and the first building of that size to be entirely made of stone. Even though it was a pyramid it wasn?t a true pyramid, but a step pyramid. After the reign of the last king of the Sixth dynasty (the last dynasty in the old kingdom.) Pepi II in 2181 B.C, there was a period of crisis and social upheaval known as the First Intermediate Period. The reasons leading up to this dark time, was a series of low floods and the result was famine during the Sixth dynasty. This undermined the stability of Egypt and provoked rebellion. What followed put Egypt in rapid decline. With no central power the provinces became independent states the were often at war with each other. To make the situation worse was a penetration of nomadic foreigners into the delta region of the Nile Valley. Middle Kingdom: 2061-1784 B.C/Second Intermediate Period 1633-1570 B.C The accession in 2060 B.C. of Mentuhotep II of Thebes the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom, ended 90 years of conflict with a dynasty established a Herakleopolis, south of Memphis. This strong Eleventh Dynasty ruler restored order in Egypt. He drove the Asiatics from the delta and campaigned against the Libyans and nomadic tribes in the Sinai and the eastern desert. Trade also expanded to Nubia, Syria and Palestine under his reign. Mentuhotep II reigned for 50 years and was buried at Deir el-Bahri. Under the reign of Sesostris II (1897-1878 B.C) huge irrigation works were built at the oasis at Faiyum. Sesostris III (1878-1843) expanded Egypt?s southern border to the second cataract. At such times of powerful rulers, Egypt was governed by an efficient administration. Taxation provided much of the wealth and was carefully organized. A census of fields and of all cattle was taken every two years. In addition to tax calculation and collection, another important official function was the building up reserves of grain stocks to prevent famine after a bad harvest. The state controlled all foreign trade and owned the mines and quarries. After the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty in 1633 B.C Egypt fell into another period of decline known as the second intermediate period. During this period Egypt was divided into four areas: the southern area ruled by 17th dynasty Theban rulers, the central area that owed allegiance to Thebes, the 15th and 16th dynasties or the Hyksos that ruled most of the delta and the 14th dynasty that ruled a small are in the delta. The Hyksos identity is not known and there was no evidence that they invaded Egypt. This suggest that there takeover was peaceful as a result of their increased population in the delta. During the middle kingdom the Hyksos were employed by the state of Egypt to mine in the Sinai mines and in Egypt itself. Later their population in the delta was so large that it was larger than the Egyptian population the delta, so this was the probable cause of there takeover. The Hyksos rule over Egypt was very unpopular with the people of Egypt and according to tradition Hyksos were an anarchy, who were accused of

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English In English grammar, you understood is the implied subject in most imperative sentences in the language. In other words, in sentences that convey requests and commands, the subject is almost always the personal pronoun you, even though its often not expressed. Examples and Observations In the examples below,  you understood  is indicated by square brackets:  []. As soon as she was on the sidewalk Mick caught her by the arm. You go right home, Baby Wilson. [] Go on, now!(Carson McCullers, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. Houghton Mifflin, 1940)I dont care if shes a murderer! [] Leave her alone! [] Get out of here and [] leave her alone! All of you! [] Get out of here!(Bethany Wiggins, Shifting. Bloomsbury, 2011)Youre not from around here, I say.[] Leave me alone.Youre from somewhere else. From EuropeYoure disturbing me. Id appreciate it if you would stop pestering me.(Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)Mrs. Bloxby sighed. Would you please leave, Mrs. Benson, and in future, would you telephone first? I am very busy. Please [] shut the door on your way out.Well, I never!Then its time you did. Goodbye!(M.C. Beaton [Marion Chesney], As the Pig Turns. St. Martins Press, 2011) You-Understood in Transformational Grammar Imperative sentences differ from others in that they lack subject noun phrases: Be quiet!Stand up!Go to your room!Do not smoke! Traditional grammar accounts for such sentences by claiming that the subject is you understood. Transformational analysis supports this position: The evidence for you as the subject of imperative sentences involves the derivation of reflexives. In reflexive sentences, the reflexive NP must be identical with the subject NP: Bob shaved Bob.Mary dressed Mary.Bob and Mary hurt Bob and Mary. The reflexive transformation substitutes the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the repeated noun phrase: Bob shaved himself.Mary dressed herself.Bob and Mary hurt themselves. Let us look at the reflexive pronoun that appears in imperative sentences: Shave yourself!Dress yourself! Any reflexive pronoun other than yourself results in an ungrammatical sentence: *Shave himself!*Dress herself! This fact provides evidence for the existence of you as the deep structure subject of imperative sentences. You is deleted by means of the imperative transformation, which is triggered by the Imp marker. (Diane Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. University Press of America, 1984) Implied Subjects and Tag Questions Some imperatives appear to have a third person subject as in the following: Somebody, strike a light! (AUS#47:24) Even in a sentence like this one, though, there is an understood second person subject; in other words, the implied subject is somebody among you all out there. Again, this becomes clearer when we tack on a question tagsuddenly the second person subject pronoun surfaces: Somebody, strike a light, will you? (AUS#47:24) In an example like this, it is quite clear that we are not dealing with a declarative, since the verb form would then be different: somebody strikes a light. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Pragmatics: Alternatives to the Plain Imperative If we have the feeling that a direct speech act might be perceived as a face threat by the hearer, there is quite a range of implicit directives, which are indirect speech acts . . . from which we might select something appropriate and less threatening to the others face. (28a) Shut the door.(28b) Can you shut the door, please?(28c) Will you shut the door, please?(28d) Would/could you please shut the door?(28e) Lets shut the door, shall we?(28f) Theres a draught in here. . . . [I]n Anglo culture there are scripts blocking the imperative (28a) and prescribing the interrogative (28 b, c, d). Though it may be perfectly acceptable among friends, the use of the imperative in (28a) is not appropriate when the speaker and hearer do not know each other well or when the hearer is of a higher social status or has power over the speaker. The use of the imperative as in Shut the door has the strongest impact on the hearer, but it is normally not used. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2004)

Questionaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questionaire - Essay Example competitiveness in the market, logistic issues, communication, price fluctuations, and worker strikes as some of the challenges facing the copper industry. The operations that the companies involve in include mining and processing with some companies undertaking trading of the finished products. The respondents are also satisfied with the quality of the final products from copper companies. All the companies record a profit from their operations and elimination of the challenges would enable the copper companies to increase the profits (Jessop, 2002). None of the respondents feels that his company contributes effectively towards the international copper market. Two of the respondents strongly disagree that their companies have an impact on the copper industry. Transportation of the raw material and finished products is beneficial to all the companies. The most influential as voted by more than one respondent are road and sea transport. The least significant mode of transport is air transport with railway transport being crucial to one company. Private copper operates have a small effect on the global copper industry which can not be neglected when evaluating the challenges affecting the copper industry (Jessop,

Case Analysis (Training Class) HR Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis (Training Class) HR - Case Study Example Other objectives include developing trainees’ understanding of their behavior and its effects on the customers, developing an effective language style that yields to a positive customer’s response, and developing a good CSS – customer relationship. Knowledge, skill, & abilities (KSAs) are very important for any job applicant, whereby, knowledge determines the amount of information that one has accumulated, for instance customer service skills. On the other hand, skills involve manipulation of people or data manually, either verbally or mentally, for instance proficiency in communication. Lastly, abilities are the powers entailed in performing a certain task at a particular time to solve problems amicably (Participant guide, 2006). Based on the training objectives provide a training agenda, indicating the time allocated and order of modules in your program. Customer Service Training Program: this is a four-week training program. Modules : week 1-4 Time: 5.00 pm- 7 pm communication skills Week 1 Customer handling techniques; managing the customer’s expectations Week 2 Effective problem solving techniques Week 3 Developing customer relationships Week 4 For each module, describe the goals of the module and the training methods you will use to accomplish it.

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay Example for Free

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay Throughout Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find, hints are given to the readers that foretell what is in store, foreshadowing the grotesque ending that is to come. These insinuations of the forthcoming become coincidences later in the story when they actually do develop into reality, creating mocking irony. The names within the story can be considered foreshadowing themselves. For example, the name of the town where the family is murdered is called Toombsboro. The word Toombsboro can be separated into two words: Tombs and Bury. These are words that signify death. The fact that the author chose this as a name for the town, implies the foul event that will insure later in the story. The first moment that foreshadowed the future was the article about the Misfit that the grandmother showed Bailey. She told him, A Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward FloridaI wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it.(368) This moment sets up a major coincidence when the family later runs into the Misfit. Plus, it was an irony because the Grandmother had attempted to persuade the family not to go in the direction the Misfit was heading. Yet, unfortunately only June Star paid any attention to the comment, and the family did run into the criminal. Additionally, a less obvious evidence of foreshadowing occurred when June Star announced, She [The Grandmother] wouldnt stay at home for a million bucks. She has to go everywhere we go(368) This can be read as a direct foreshadowing of the order and occurrence of the grandmothers death. When the family comes across the Misfit, and each family member is taken into the forest, the reader wonders why every time Bobby Lee and Hiram return without the family member. Eventually, one realizes they have all been killed. So, June Stars comment that the grandmother goes everywhere the family goes can be read as a signal that she will meet the same end that they did. Plus, the fact that she follows the family indicated that she would die last.Furthermore, although the grandmother did not want to go to Florida, she still unpredictably dresses up. The grandmother wore, A navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a savvy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. (369) OConnor says that the reason for the grandmothers proper dress was, in case of an accident, anyone seeing her  dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady.(369) She therefore foresaw her own death, or at least foreshadowed it. It also shows how she represents the properness and rich religious beliefs of the south. Yet another foreshadowing is portrayed when the family passed by a cotton field with five or six graves fenced in the middle of it, like a small island (370). It is not an accident that there are five or six graves, which evidently matches the exact number of people in the car. Five people and the sixth is the baby. The baby is not precisely a full complete person, hence the ambiguity of the number of graves. Flannery OConnor uses foreshadowing to give the readers slight hints of what is to come, foretelling the grotesque fate of the family. Insinuations are made through titles, comments, clothes, and sites, setting the scene for surprising irony later in the familys journey.

Masters Of The Universe :: essays research papers fc

One of the few remaining mysteries of science is the black hole. When a star runs out of fuel to keep it burning, it explodes into a supernova(Intro. to Black Holes 1) After a supernova, some of the matter that was blown off leaves in pockets to different places in space. These pockets contract to from a pulsar, or new born star. The rest of the matter left from the massive explosion of the supernova comes back together forming a neutron star. If the dead star was too massive, the neutron star will be so large that its own gravity will crush it(Intro. To Black Holes 1). This is called its maximum density(Filkin 202). After all of the matter has collapsed in on itself, it becomes a black hole(Filkin 202). After being compressed infinitely, almost to nothing, the point in space that it makes is called a singularity(Filkin 216). The singularity is the bottom of the black hole. Every stellar body has an escape velocity(Intro. to Black Holes 1). The escape velocity is the speed at which one must be going to escape the gravity of the object in question(Intro. to Black Holes 1). The Earth’s escape velocity is seven miles per second(Intro. to Black Holes 1). This means that to leave the Earth’s gravitational pull, you must be able to travel at least seven miles per second(Intro. to Black Holes 1). To escape a black hole, your velocity must reach at least the speed of light(Intro. to Black Holes 1). Because the speed of light(186,000 miles per second) is not possible because you must have infinite force to achieve the speed of light, nothing can escape a black hole’s gravitational field(Intro. to Black Holes 1). This is why a black hole is a black hole. No light can escape from it, therefore, we cannot see it. A binary star system consists of two stars that orbit around each other. They were discovered by Yakov Zeldovitch(Filkin 224). Sometimes, one star in a binary star system will die and become a black hole. When this happens, the force of the black hole’s gravity will literally suck the matter away from it’s sibling, and in doing this emitting X-rays that can be received on Earth(Filkin 225). This is one way that astronomers can find black holes. It is possible that our galaxy is powered by a black hole(Freedman 69). Astronomers Linda Dressel, Tim Heckman, Roeland Van Der Marel and Meg Urry are looking into this(Olson 48).

Joseph Conrad †Heart of Darkness The Real World Essay

In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad relies heavily on the differences between appearances and reality to develop conflict in the story. From the appearance of the ivory trade and the continent of Africa, to the image of Kurtz himself, Conrad clearly shows us that appearances can be deceiving. As Marlow relates his story, the reader is drawn into a world of contradictions. These contradictions challenged the widely accepted European views of that time. When Marlow begins his quest to sail his ship up the Nile river to partake in the adventure and excitement that is the ivory trade, he describes the enterprise as a â€Å"noble cause† (pg 6). Marlow’s aunt called him â€Å"an emissary of light, something like a lower sort of apostle† whose purpose was to â€Å"‘ [wean] those ignorant millions from their horrid ways'† (pg 10). Yet through Conrad’s use of diction, our first image of the ivory trade is an image of darkness, death, and despair: â€Å"pieces of decaying machinery† (pg 12) â€Å"shadows of disease and starvation† â€Å"picture of a massacre or a pestilence† (pg 14). This may have been a harsh criticism of the British colonialism in Africa, and revealed the hypocrisy of those in the ivory trade who claimed to be civilizing the savages: â€Å"It was as unreal as everything else-as the philanthropic pretense of the whole concern †¦ The only real feeling was a desire to †¦ earn percentages† (pg 21). Throughout the story, the African jungle is presented as a dark and alien landscape with â€Å"the lurking death, †¦ the hidden evil, †¦ [and] the profound darkness of its heart† (pg 28) of an â€Å"unknown planet† (pg 32). To Marlow, while he was in the heart of the African jungle, the â€Å"earth seemed unearthly† (pg 32). Yet, as he ventured deep into this jungle and comes into contacts with its savage natives, he feels a â€Å"remote kinship† (pg 32) with them. He understands that this is his ancestry in the far off past, and views Africa as â€Å"an accursed inheritance† (pg 32). This furthers the conflict of Marlow’s fear and loathing of this primitive land, and his feeling of belonging and appreciation of this savage lifestyle. Finally, perhaps the most interesting contradictions of appearance and reality are those in Kurtz himself. When Marlow first encounters Kurtz, he  comments that his name â€Å"means short in German† but that â€Å"[h]e looked at least seven feet long† (pg 54). He goes on to generalize this contradiction to his entire life: â€Å"the name was as true as everything else in his life-and death† (pg 54). He appeared to be weak and feeble as â€Å"an animated image of death† (pg 55), yet throughout the story we find that he is strong and powerful, frequently being compared to Jupiter: â€Å"‘he came to them with thunder and lightning'† (pg 51). In his great work for the Suppression of Savage Customs he â€Å"[appealed] to every altruistic sentiment†. Yet, at the end in a footnote, scribbled the words â€Å"‘Exterminate all the brutes!'† (pg 46). Perhaps this biggest irony of Kurtz is how all the world viewed him as a creature of light with â€Å"his promise,† â€Å"his greatness,† â€Å"his generous mind,† and â€Å"his noble heart† (pg 70), yet, in the end, his noble heart was the Heart of Darkness. In the end, the contrasts between the appearance and reality of the ivory trade, of Africa, and of Kurtz, provide a backdrop of confusion in which Marlow struggles with nature and truth, and, in the end finds himself superior for it. Joseph Conrad challenges the views of his nineteenth century civilized and sheltered readers. Yet, this message still bears meaning for us today. We, who rely upon the media and news for all of our information have little idea of the reality of life in far off places like Africa, Afghanistan, and Peru. The savage jungle still exists, and most of us are still blissfully unaware of how our perceptions of such places, of such people, holds up to the reality of life there.