What I Have Learned Essay Example for Free

What I Have Learned Essay There are many life lessons that I have learned the hard way from this situation. I have learned who my true friends are, what a real family is, drugs are just a mask for feelings inside, what people really think about me, and I’ve learned the right way to live a life. The sad part of all this is it took something this significant for me to have a reality check. In life there are two types of friends, true friends who actually care about you and the ones who are fake and just want to use you to get high. To deviate whether a person is a real or fake friend you must look at what you guys do when you hangout, where you go, what you spend your money on and how you act with them. If when you hangout you have to lie to your parents then obviously what you are doing isn’t right. If you and your friends are afraid of getting in trouble from the activities you guys are partaking in then why do it? Why put yourself in that situation? Why more importantly put your family in the situation of having to come and take you out of the cop’s custody? If you don’t care about the people who brought you into this world enough to put them in that situation then there is something wrong with you and you need help like I am currently getting. Read more: Essay About Most Important Lesson Learned in Life   If you go and spend your money on food with a couple of buddies then that is a true friend but if you and your friends have to go and act like they are 18 to get a cigarillo and then have to go wherever you need to go to get your drugs then that is not the type of people you want to be around and you need to take yourself out of that situation as soon as possible because that is detrimental to your true potential. If you can act like your true self than that is a true friend, someone that you have to try to act â€Å"cool† with then that isn’t someone to be around because if you aren’t acting like yourself than who exactly are you? Someone who is just as fake as the people they are hanging out with that’s who. I recently stood in front of my football team (Family) and explained to them my whole entire life/family situation because that was my plead for help because I was lost for a while but I found my way back that day. A family is someone who you can tell anything too and not feel weird about doing. Family  members are people who if you cry in front of them (like I did that day) there is going to be zero judgment from them only more love and understanding because they now know what you deal with on a daily basis. Family is someone who you can call and they will completely drop what they are doing and they will go wherever you are or do whatever you need without any questions or complaints because they care for you that much. Someone who has your back no matter what, no matter how big the person is, no matter what the odds are they will be there 10 times out of 10 by your side protecting you. The Northeast Football team is one of the tightest families there are in the world because every play there is someone on the other side of the ball looking to bring harm to you and they will do whatever it takes to stop that person from even laying a hand on you. Through this experience I have realized that drugs are just a mask for how you really feel. They make you get your mind off of what is really bothering you. At first you may think this is a good thing but really it’s the worst because all those feelings stay inside of you and will be brought up to the surface and they will come back to haunt you. You will end up having a meltdown and not know what to do with yourself so you go and smoke some more to get it off your mind and the process just repeats itself till you get caught up. Most importantly through this experience I have now realized what I have made people think of me. I have made people think I’m a pothead that has no future in life. I have made people think they will end up seeing me over the counter asking them â€Å"May I take your order?† My image to people is fogged up now and I must prove to people that I’m completely different from what they have heard and what they think. That’s my job now. Lastly I have realized the way to live a happy life the right way. Without drugs I have seen all the pain I have caused my family. I don’t have to ask for money, I don’t have to lie, and most importantly I don’t have to argue with my grandparents anymore. I can finally make them proud by going off to college and hopefully playing baseball by earning a scholarship. I can help my grandparents live the rest of their life the way they want too without  stress and having to worry about me constantly. I owe them more than that but I’m going to get there eventually by doing the right things like I have been doing recently. I must thank Corporal McAddams for this because without him I wouldn’t have found my way back to the path I’m on right now, I would probably be making the same old stupid mistakes I made before and for that I must give him the credit for doing his job. I also must thank my two families for constantly loving and caring for me and always being there for me because the without them I would still be lost doing the wrong things with the wrong people.

Mental health nursing exam

Mental health nursing exam Phil Maude and Alistair Ross Question 1. (6 marks) Search for the Victorian MH Act on the web and define the following terms 1.1. Approved Mental Health Service The Mental Health Act (1986) defined an approved mental health service as a service or premises which either proclaimed to be an approved mental health service under section 94 or declared to be one under section 94A as a place where treatment can be provided to patients under the Act. For example, the psychiatric in-patient units of public hospitals are typically proclaimed as approved mental health services. 1.2. Community Treatment Order Community treatment order (CTO) is an order made by an authorised psychiatrist for a person having mental illness and under involuntary treatment order while not detained in an approved mental health services. However, this order does not affect patients in approved mental health services or a prisoner having mental illness (Mental Health Act, 1986). 1.3. Community Visitor The Mental Health Act of 1986 stated that community visitors of each region are whom appointed by councils governor under recommendation directly from the minister. 1.4. Involuntary Patient Mental Health Act (1986) specified a patient being subject to an involuntary, community or hospital transfer treatment order as an involuntary patient. This particular patient is also influenced by some conditions under section 12 and section 93 of the Act. 1.5. Mental Illness Mental illness refers to a person who is medically and mentally ill with significant disturbance of thought, perception, cognition, mood or memory (Mental Health Act, 1986). 1.6 Mental Health Review Board Mental Health Review Board is the Board established under theMental Health Act to conduct reviews of, and hear appeals by, involuntarily treated psychiatric patients either as inpatients or on community treatment orders (Mental Health At, 1986). Question 2. (5 marks) Using your reading of the Victorian MH Act explain the involuntary admission process for a person who is suspected to have a mental illness. Ensure you mention the correct forms that will be required The involuntary admission process for a person suspected having a mental illness is detailed with the following steps: Admission and detention for an involuntary patient can only occur in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital. This patient may be admitted or detained according to the Mental Health Act only if he or she presents or appears with psychological illness and need immediate treatment that can be achieved by admission to and detention in an approved mental health service. Additionally, in order to improve or prevent a deterioration in physical or medical conditions of that patient and protect the public members, the patient may be admitted to an approved mental health service to receive adequate and appropriate treatment rather than stay in less restrictive of that persons freedom and action. The person needs to be referred to a registered medical practitioner by himself or herself, family, relatives, health professional officers, police personnel or others related to the referral. Medical practitioner satisfies that person meets the criteria for involuntary treatment which is under section 8(1) of the Mental Health Act 1986. Otherwise, he will either provide the service or refer the examined patient to other mental health or health services. A request form must be completed by the person, who is over the ages of 18 years, making request for the admission and a recommendation signed by registered medical practitioner following patients examination made not more than three days prior to the admission of that patient. The request and recommendation cannot be signed by the same person making the recommendation. Consequently, the patient who is subject to an involuntary treatment order is taken to an approved mental health service by police officers, ambulance, any person authorised by the person making the request or arrangement admission made by that approved mental health services. At the approved mental health service, the registered medical practitioner who is employed by this health service or mental health practitioner must make an involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and necessarily detain patient for his or her own safety according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registered medical practitioner can possibly release the person from detention to await examination by the authorised psychiatric if they suspected the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act and consulted with the authorised psychiatric involving section 12AA(5). Then, authorised psychiatrist will examine the person as soon as after the registrar making the involuntary treatment order or within 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether satisfied with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involu ntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Question 3. (5 marks) Thinking about the forms and roles and responsibilities of people who may be associated with an involuntary admission of a person under the MH Act, what roles could the following people have and what forms would they be able to complete 3.1. Carer of a family member who has a mental illness The Mental Health Act (1986) suggested that a carer has the authority to make a request to a registered medical practitioner for admitting an involuntary patient. He or she has the responsibility to take or authorizes any person, for example a community nurse, either taking the person to an approved mental health service or arranging for one to admit the person. The carer is able to complete the â€Å"Request for Person to Receive Involuntary Treatment from an Approved Mental Health Service† form under schedule 1prespribed by the Mental Health Regulations 1998 to the registered medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service or a mental health practitioner. 3.2. Community Mental Health Nurse In case of the registered medical practitioner is unavailable for a reasonable period of time for making the recommendation, the person may be taken to an approved mental health service for examination after being assessed by an mental health nurse who must complete an â€Å"Authority to transport without recommendation† form under schedule 3 of the Mental Health Regulations 1998 (Mental Health Act, 1986). 3.3. General Practitioner The general practitioner has the responsibility to make a recommendation in a prescribe form which is â€Å"Recommendation for a person to receive involuntary treatment form a approved mental health services† form following a the persons examination (Mental health Act, 1986, s. 9) (Victoria Government, 2009) 3.4. Registrar Registrar who is a medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service is responsible for assessing the person according to the request and recommendation. He or she has to make the involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and detain patient for safetry issue according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registrar may release that person to await for the psychiatrists examination if they suspect the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act applying to the person and consulted with the authorised psychiatrist involving section 12AA(5) (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12). The registrar has the authority o complete the following forms: Schedule 4 Form 1 Restraint for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health service† Schedule 4 Form 2 Sedation for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health service Schedule 6 Involuntary treatment order. (Victoria Government, 2009, Schedules section) 3.5. Consultant A consultant means a authorised psychiatrist who should examine the person as soon as after the registrar making the involuntary treatment order or within 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether satisfied with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involuntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Under the power of the Mental Health Act 1986 section 12AD, the authorised psychiatrist may give written consent on behalf of the involuntary patient if this patient refuses to necessary treatment or unable to consent to the treatment for his or her mental disorders. The authorised psychiatrist has the authority o complete the following forms: MHA1 Examination of involuntary patient by authorised psychiatrist MHA3 Examination of security / involuntary / forensic patient by authorised psychiatrist MHA4 Treatment plan MHA6 Community treatment order MHA16 Discharge from involuntary patient status. (Victoria Government, 2009, Mental Health Act Forms section). Question 4. (4 marks) Once a person has been received under the MH Act under what circumstances can an emergency registrar administer sedation? If the emergency registrar believe that it is essential to sedate the person in order to take him or her to the approved mental health service safely. The emergency registrar is also able to direct an authorised person to administer sedative medications to the patient. In addition, they must specify the particulars required by the prescribed form and deal with this form according to the regulations (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.10). Question 5. (2 marks) A patient must be seen by a Psychiatrist to confirm admission as an involuntary patient. Once a patient is received what time frame must be observed for the Psychiatric review? The authorised psychiatrist should examine the patient as soon as the involuntary treatment order is made by a medical practitioner employed by the approved mental health service or within 24 hours following the order (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.12AC). Therefore, the patient should be observed in that time frame until he or she being seen by the authorised psychiatrist. Question 6. (4 marks) (section 15 ) If a person is discharged from the inpatient unit on a Community Treatment Order, what restrictions can be placed on the patient? If the authorised psychiatrist considers that it is appropriate and for the good and wellness of patient, the psychiatrist can discharge him or her from the approved mental health service on CTO. The person who had the community treatment order upon is influenced during the duration of the order which is not over 12 months. The person has to stay where it is specified by the order for the treatment. The order sets out the term that a person must accept therapy and medication, conselling, management, rehabilitation and other related health services while living in the coummity. The person is provided compulsory care authorised by the CTO. In case of the person breaches the CTO by not complying with the conditions, the person may be taken to a mental health service and given appropriate treatment and care (New South Wales Government, 2007, what is a community treatment order (CTO)? section). Question 7. (4 marks) How often must a Community Treatment Order be reviewed and what is the maximum length of time a Community Treatment Order can be imposed? At least once a month, the supervising psychiatrist or a medical practitioner such as general practitioner will visit you to decide whether the order should continue or not. If the psychiatrist, at the end of three months period, can extend the order for another three months (Government of Western Australia, 2005, what will happen while I am on the order? section). A CTO can be made for period of up to 12 months and ends on the date stated on the order and if no date is stated, it will expire 12 months after the order was made (New South Wales Government, 2007, when does a CTO come to an end?). Question 8. (5 marks) What is a Special Warrant and what powers does this provide? Special Warrant apply where a member of the police force or any other person has reasonable ground to believe a person who appears mentally ill is unable to care for him or herself due to mental illness. In this case, â€Å"the member of police force or that other person may give information oath to a magistrate† (Mental Health Act, 1986, 11, para. 5) and seek a special warrant. Under section 12 of The Mental Act (1986), a police forces member who accompanied by a registered medical practitioner is authorised and directed by the magistrate in the form of a special warrant in the prescribed form to visit and examine the person. Additionally, police personnel who act under special warrant with assistance as required have authority to legally enter any premise and use such force as necessary so that the registered medical practitioner can examine that person (Mental Heal Act, 1986, 12). Question 9. (5 marks) (No need to cite references for these answers) True or False 9.1. A patient can be detained in a Private Psychiatric Hospital bed as an involuntary patient False. A patient who is under involuntary treatment order can only be detained in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital. 9.2. The Victorian Mental Health Act makes provision for voluntary patients False. Admission of voluntary patients has been deleted by the amendment of 1995. As a result, they are treated as other voluntary patients and need consent to all treatments provided. 9.3. Any patients can be given Electro Convulsive Therapy against their consent. False.Written consent needed from the patients to perform electro convulsive therapy. 9.4. Any one who commits violent acts in the Emergency Room can be restrained True. A person doing harm to him or herself ,patients, staffs other surrounding people in the emergency room will be restrained for safety issue. 9.5. An involuntary patient who refuses required surgical treatment can have this imposed upon them by the Psychiatrist False. For major medical or surgical procedures, the psychiatrist needs consent from the Guardian and Administration Board. 9.6. Lobotomy is legal in Victoria. True. In Australia, psychosurgery is performed by a select group of neurosurgeons. In Victoria, each individual operation must receive the consent of a Review Board before it may proceed. 9.7. Patients who have difficulty with budgeting can have their accounts taken over by the Guardianship board False. The Guardianship board appoint another person who is managing patients account. 9.8. Patients can not be kept in seclusion for more than 15 minutes False. For the purpose of safety and treatment, the patient can be restrained until he or she settle down. 9.9. The Psychiatrist must send a report of all seclusion that has occurred within a 12 month period to the Chief Psychiatrists Office. False.The psychiatrist has to send a report each month. 9.10. Electroconvulsive therapy is to a course of not more than 6 treatments given over a period with not more than 7 days elapsing between any 2 treatments True. It is what described in electroconvulsive therapy. Question 10. (10 marks) List 10 of the reasons why a person is not to be considered to have a mental illness and write a brief paragraph explaining why this is for each of these 10 reasons As stated in the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986 under section 8(2), a person is not considered to have mental illness due to the following reasons: â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular political opinion or belief† (Section 8(2)). In Victoria, the law inhibits discrimination against people because of their actual or assumed political beliefs. (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, para. 1) â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular religious opinion or belief† (Section 8(2)). Freedom of religion and belief is a basic human rights which is protected by a number of international treaties and declarations that include article 18(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Australian Human Rights Comission, What is the freedom of religion and belief? section, para. 1) â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular sexual reference or sexual orientation† (Section 8(2)). In 1973, because the influence of empirical data and changes in social norms along with the development of a political active gay community in the United States, the Board of Directors of the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality form the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The empirical evidence and professionals norm do not support that homosexuality is a form of mental illness. (Gregory, 2009, Removal from the DSM section, para. 1) â€Å"The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular political activity† (Section 8(2)). Political activity refer to a whether a person participate or refuse to take part in a lawful political activity (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, What does ‘political beliefs and activities mean? section, para. 1). â€Å"The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular religious activity† (Section 8(2)). In a major research of Cruz et al. (2010), in the United States, many people use activity as a form of coping with life stresses. Over half of American population ranked the religions importance very high in their lives, attent religious activities regularly and pray daily. â€Å"The person engages in immoral conduct† (Section 8(2)). As an example, incest is defined as any sexuality between closely related people usually within an immediate family, which is either illegal or social taboo (Incest, 2009, Definition section, para. 1) â€Å"The person engages in illegal conduct† (Section 8(2)). Criminality is â€Å"specifically not a medical or psychiatric term, diagnosis, illness, or syndrome. The term refers to a pattern of human behavior or a specific act violating a law† (Menaster, 2008, introduction section, para. 1). â€Å"The person is intellectual disable† (Section 8(2)). Intellectual disability is a developmental disorder which affect almost one per cent of the population, where people have significantly more difficulty than others in understanding concepts and solving problems. It is not a mental illness (Government of South Australia, p.1) â€Å"The person takes drugs or alcohol† (Section 8(2)). Alcohol usually refers to drinks such as beer, wine, or spirits containing ethyl alcohol a substance that can cause drunkenness and changes in consciousness, mood, and emotions. Its effects lead to so many accidents, injuries, diseases, and disruptions in the family life of everyday Australians (Australia Government, para. 1). However, alcohol abuse should be consider mental illness. â€Å"The person has an antisocial personality† (Section 8(2)). The person expresses anti-social behaviour includes abusive or noisy neighbors, littering and graffiti (Directgov, para. 1) Question 11. (10 marks) An involuntary patient is found dead in a seclusion room by you? What is a reportable death and what are the responsibilities of the registered nurse? Coroners Act (2008) defined reportable death is a particular category of death which is investigated by a coroner according to the Act and it is considered reportable if it meets one the following criteria: The body, the death or the cause of death of the person is founded in Victoria. The person ordinarily stayed in Victoria when death occurs with unnatural, unexpected and resulted from a direct or indirect injury or accident. The death happen during or after following a medical procedure and this was not expected by the registered medical practitioner before the procedures operation. The identity of the death person is not known. The medical practitioner himself or herself has not signed or not likely to sign a death certificate. Death occurred outsite Victoria and the cause is not certified. The death of a person influenced under the Mental Health Act 1986 or under controlled, cared or custody of the Secretary to the Deparment of Justice or a member of the police force. Death of person who is subject to non-custodial supervision order under section 26 of the Crimes (Mental Impairment and unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997 (Coroners Act, 2008). In the context of a patient found is death in a seclusion room, registered nurses division 1 or division 3 (Division 2 nurses are excluded) can ‘verify death since the law do not inhibit them for taking this role. ‘Verify death means competently undertake a clinical assessment of the death body to establish death has occurred (Victoria Government, 2009, p. 1). As guideline in Victoria Government (2004), the dead body should be disturbed as little as possible and the nurse is to inform the authorised psychiatrist and next of kin or carer of the death. The States Coroners Office is mean to be contacted for all reportable deaths occurred under the Coroner Act 1985. After copying the clinical record, the registered nurse is able to send the original or any other materials requested to the Coroner. The nursing staffs involved should provide appropriate and adequate support and debriefing to people affected by the death such as family, friends, staffs and those who have witnessed the death (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 5). In case of patient died because of violence or suicide, chef psychiatrist needs to be notified on the day of the death and staff involve in the death should conduct a clinical review of the persons treatment and management (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 6-9). Question 12. (10 marks) List the Axis contained within the DSM-IV (TR) and provide details of the focus of each including an example of a diagnosis that might be found on each of the Axis. Axis I Clinical Disorders Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of clinical Attention American Psychiatric Association (APA) of 2000 stated that Axis I focus on all the conditions and various disorders included in the Classification except for mental retardation and personality disorders. An example of this is schizophrenia. Axis II Personality Disorders Mental Retardation In a study by APA (2000), Axis II reports personality disorders and mental health retardation and also used for noting prominent maladaptive personality features and defense mechanisms. Personality disorders and mental retardation are listed in separated axis to ensure consider given to the presence of these two that might otherwise be overlooked when attention is directed to the more usual axis. For instance, borderline personality disorder is included in axis II. Axis III General Medical Conditions This one describes general current medical conditions which are potentially related to the understanding or management of individuals mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Axis IV Psychological and Environmental Problems In a major study (APA, 2000), Axis IV is identified for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that are likely to affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders classified within Axis I and Axis II. A psychosocial and environmental problem is possibly a negative life event, a familiar or other interpersonal stress, lack or inadequate of social assistance pr personal resources or other problem related to the context where a persons difficulties have developed. In addition, psychosocial is possibly developed as a result of a persons psychopathology or may constitute problems that are considered in the overall management plan (APA, 2010). For instance, problems with primary support group. Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning APA (2010) suggested that Axis V is used for reporting the clinicians judgment regarding a persons overall function level. This is helpful for planning treatment and measuring its impacts, also predicting the outcomes. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale is used as an appropriated choice in order to report the overall functioning of Axis V. In a research by APA (2010), this scale is rated respectably among psychological, social, occupational functioning and is not applied to impairment in functioning because of physical or environmental limitations. For example, GAF = 12 indicate some dangers of hurting self or others (e.g. frequently violent.) or occasional fails to maintain personal hygiene (e.g. smear faeces.) or gross impairment in communication (e.g. largely incoherent or mute) (APA, 2010). Question 13. (30 marks) Search the world wide web for Hildergaurd Peplau and do a search for her publication. Write at least 4 pages about her life, her theoretical frameworks, her publications and her major contributions to Mental Health Nursing. Life Hildergaurd Peplau was born in Reading, Pennsylvania , and in the year of 1909. She is the second child and middle daughter of immigrant parents who are an authoritarian father and a dedicated but emotionally remote mother preserving in a difficult marriage with the comfort of music and religion, and more acceptable in her time and place by immersing herself in baking and meticulous home making (Callaway, 2002). During childhood, Peplau was a child with intellectual curiosity, but stifled and physically abused by her domineering mother. The occur of World War I made her family even more difficult along with persecution form their neighbous due to their German immigrant roots †¦Cite. Her chosen nursing career had little to do with the idea of providing care for sick people. In Reading, she had worked as a bookkeeper, store clerk and payroll clerk while finishing courses at a business school and graduating as class valedictorian in 1928. Hildergard Peplau herself did not work in hospital or as private-nursing duty after successfully completing her nursing training. On the other hand, she found and a job as a staff nurse at Vermonts new elite but progressively to Bennington College. Callaway (2002) stated that because of her great impressive work, the college president decided to suspend admission requirement and admit Peplau for a degree course major in psychology. During World War II, Peplau enlisted into the U.S Army Nurse Corps and was posted to a psychiatric hospital in England with the purpose of treating scarred the soldiers and those with battle-fatigue sent back from the front lines (Callaway, 2002). She was always at the center of conflict and usually endured great personal hardship. She earned the nursing diploma, baccalaureate, masters and doctoral degrees and ultimately rose to the top of her profession. Unfortunate y, she was disappointed by the lack of vision among co-workers and repeatedly betrayed by professional friends and sabotaged by the nursing leaders. Consequently, she decided to retired in 1974 from the faculty Rudgers University and sadden that all her years effort had seemingly come to naught. During the 25 years between the retirement from Rudgers University and her death in 1999, â€Å"She was awarded no less than nine honorary doctorates and was honored by the American Nurses Association with the establishment of the Peplau Hildegard Award, recognizing continuous contribution to the nursing profession† (Callaway, 2002, p. 2). In addition, she received both the nursing highest honors that are the Christiane Reimann Prize and the only nurse so recognised within â€Å"Fifty Great Americans† designated by Marquis Whos Who in 1997. Within her lifetime, she also earned the celebrity of being acknowledged by the American Academy of Nursing as a â€Å"Living Legend and an unofficial designation recognised by the University of California at Los Angeles as â€Å"Psychiatric Nurse of the Century†. However, her lifes story is not well known in nursing professional. Hildegard Peplaus professional life included: 6 years of general and private-duty nursing, 7 years as a student and the nurse in charge at the health service at Bennington College, 3 years in the Army Nurse Corps, 5 years at Teachers College of Columbia University, 1 year as a practicing therapist, 20 years as a professor at Rudgers University, and 1 year as Execituve Director and 2 years as President of the American Nurses Association the only person ever to serve in both positions. (Callaway, 2004, p. 6) Theoretical Frameworks Peplau had shown her theoretical framework for psychodynamic nursing in a manuscripts entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing which is published in 1952. It defined elements that are person, environment, health and nursing, and discussed about phases of the interpersonal process between nurse and patient. She also revealed variety in nurses role during the course of contact (Landry, 2009). In a recent studies of Alice Landry (2009), phases of the interpersonal process according to Peplaus theory consist of four sequential phase that are orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. There are related factors influence the orientation component of the experience such as personal values, cultures, beliefs, expectations and past related incidents. Role of nurses as described theatrically by Peplau are stranger, teacher, resourse person, counselor, surrogate and leader. Secondary roles play included technical expert, mediatoe, safety agent, researcher, tutor, and manager of environment. Publicati

Importance of Electrochemical Series

Importance of Electrochemical Series A series in which the reduction electrode potentials of various electrodes have been arranged in the increasing order (downwards) is called Electrochemical Series . The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero.The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. To understand the importance and application of Electrochemical series we have to study about Oxidation,Reduction and Standard Reduction Potential. What is Electrochemistry? Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the chemical changes which occur on passing electric current into certain chemical systems and also with the generation of electricity by carrying chemical reactions which are redox reactions in nature. And Redox reactions are those reactions in which both oxidation and reduction taking place. Electronic Concept of Oxidation and Reduction According to the electronic concept, oxidation may be defined as the process in which an atom or ion loses one or more electrons. The loss of electrons is also called de-electronation. As a result, there is increase in positive valency or decrease in negative valency of the species. The species which lose electrons during oxidation are called Reducing agents. According to the electronic concept, reduction may be defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons. The gain of electrons is also called electronation. As a result, there is increase in negative valency or decrease in positive valency of the species. The species which gain electrons during reduction are called Oxidising agents. Electrode Potential It is the potential difference between the electrode and its ions in solution. The value of Electrode potential depends upon: (i) Nature of the metal (ii) Concentration of the ions in solution. (iii) Temperature. Types of Electrode Potential Oxidation Potential:- It is the tendency of the electrode to lose electrons and as a result it gets oxidized. Reduction Potential:- It is the tendency of the electrode to accept electrons and as a result,it gets reduced. Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential (Eo):- The standard electrode potential(electron releasing or electron accepting tendency) of an electrode in contact with its electrolyte in a half cell cannot be measured experimentally due to the following reasons:- A half cell whether oxidation or reduction half cell cannot work of its own and can work only when connected to the other half cell. The electron realeasing or accepting tendency of an electrode is only relative tendency and not absolute tendency. Thus we cannot determine the absolute standard electrode potential of an electrode.To solve the problem,a reference electrode is needed and an arbitrary electrode potential must be assigned to it.The commonly used reference electrode is standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) also called normal hydrogen electrode(NHE) and its standard electrode potential (oxidation as well as reduction) is taken as zero. We have stated that a standard hydrogen electrode acts as the reference electrode and it helps in measuring the standard electrode potential of an electrode.An electrochemical cell is set up in which the metal electrode under consideration is kept in one half cell and the standard hydrogen electrode acts as the other half cell. The potential difference developed as a result of the redox reaction is measured with the help of high resistance voltmeter(or beter by potentiometer). Since the electrode potential of the hydrogen electrode under standard conditions is taken zero, the reading of the voltmeter will therefore,give the  standard electrode potential of the electrode under consideration. The deflection of the voltmeter in the cell circuit represents the flow of current. The flow of current is towards opposite side.If it is towards the metal electrode, this means that the flow of electrons is towards the standard hydrogen electrode. Therefore, metal electrode will act as anode and standard hydrogen electrode as cathode. In case, the deflection is towards the hydrogen electrode, this means that the flow of electrons is from hydrogen electrode towards the metal electrode. In such a case, hydrogen electrode will act as anode and the metal electrode as the cathode. In General, Eo cell = Eo cathode Eoanode Where Eo cell value represents the standard reduction potential of the electrode. Electrochemical Series or EMF Series :- The standard electrode potential (Eo cell) of a large number of electrodes are determined with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode acting as a reference electrode. The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero. The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. They are arranged in decreasing strength of reducing agent to form a series known as Electrochemical Series. Application of Electrochemical Series:- To predict the relative oxidizing and reducing powers:- The electrochemical series helps to pick out substances that are good oxidizing agents and those which are good reducing agents.In an electrochemical series the species which are placed above hydrogen are more difficult to be reduced and their standard reduction potential values are negative. The Li : Li+ (aq) electrode has the least Eo value and therefore, it is reduced with more difficulty. Therefore, Li+ cannot accept electrons easily and so loses electrons to behave as a reducing agent. Li is the strongest reducing agent. The species which are easily reduced than hydrogen are palced below it in electrochemical series and their Eo value are positive. The F2 : 2F-(aq) electrode has the highest Eo value and therefore, F2 has the greatest tendency to get reduced,it is consequently the strongest oxidizing agent. In general, oxidizing agents have + Eo values. Higher the positive value, stronger will be the oxidizing agent and reducing agents have -Eo values, higher the negative value, stronger will be the reducing agent. For Example: Increasing order of reducing power of metal is Ag+/Ag(+0.80V) Calculation of the EMF of the Cell The following steps determine the reduction potential of the cathode and anode: Step I The two half-cell reactions are written in such a way that the reaction taking place at the left hand electrode is written as an oxidation reaction and that taking place at the right electrode is written as reduction reaction. Step II The number of electrons in the two equations are made equal by multiplying one of the equations if necessary by a suitable number. However, electrode potential values (E °) are not multiplied. Step III The electrode potentials of both the electrodes are taken to be reduction potentials and so the EMF of the cell is equal to the difference between the standard potential of the right hand side and the left hand side electrode. Eo cell = Eo R EoL Step IV If the EMF of the cell is +ve, the reaction is feasible in the given direction and the cell is correctly represented, i.e., oxidation occurs at left electrode (anode) and reduction occurs at the right electrode (cathode). If it is -ve, the cell reaction is not feasible in the given direction and the cell is wrongly represented. Thus, to get positive value for the EMF the electrodes must be reversed. To predict whether a metal will react with acids to give H2 gas:- Metals above hydrogen in Electrochemical series have great tendency for oxidation,so they displace hydrogen from acids.All metals having negative electrode potentials (negative E ° values) show greater tendency of losing electrons as compared to hydrogen. So, when such a metal is placed in an acid solution, the metal gets oxidized, and H+ (hydrogen) ions get reduced to form hydrogen gas. Thus, the metals having negative E ° values liberate hydrogen from acids. metal having negative E ° value For example, metals such as Mg (E (Mg2+ Mg) = 2.37 V), Zn (E (Zn2+ Zn) = 0.76 V), Iron (E (Fe2+ Fe) = 0.44 V) etc., can displace hydrogen from acids such as HCl and HSO4. But metals such as Copper, (E (Cu2+ Cu) = + 0.34V), silver (E (Ag+ Ag) = + 0.80V) and gold (E (Au3+ Au) = +1.42 V) cannot displace hydrogen from acids because of their positive reduction potential value. To predict the Feasibility of Redox Reaction:- From the E ° values of the two electrodes one can find out whether a given redox reaction is feasible or not. A redox reaction is feasible only if the species which has higher potential is reduced i.e., accepts the electrons and the species which has lower reduction potential is oxidized i.e., loses electrons. The electrochemical series gives the increasing order of electrode potentials (reduction) of different electrodes on moving down the table. This means that the species, which accept the electrons (reduced) must be lower in the electrochemical series as compared to the other which is to lose electrons. (oxidized). For example, From the electrochemical series E ° value of Cu = +0.34 V and that of Ag = +0.80 V since the reduction potential of Ag is more than that of Cu, this means that silver has greater tendency to get reduced in comparison to copper. Thus, the reaction  occurs more readily than the reaction The reduction potential of copper is less than that of Ag, this means that copper will be oxidized or will go into solution as ions in comparison to Ag. Thus, the reaction,  occurs more readily than Therefore, silver will be reduced and copper will be oxidized and the above reaction is not feasible. Rather the reverse reaction,  can occur. Thus a metal will displace, any other metal, which occurs below it in the electrochemical series from its salt solution. When a metal having lower E ° value is placed in a solution, containing ions of another metal having higher E ° value, then the metal having lower E ° value gets dissolved and the ions of the metal having higher E ° value get precipitated. Problems Q:- Write the half-cell reaction and the overall cell reaction for the electrochemical cell: Calculate the standard emf for the cell if standard electrode potentials (reduction) Pb2+ Pb and Zn2+ Zn electrodes are -0.126V and -0.763 V respectively. Solution Zn electrode acts as anode while Pb electrode acts as cathode and, therefore oxidation occurs at zinc electrode and reduction occurs at lead electrode. The half cell reactions are: Q:- Iodine (I2) and bromine (Br2) are added to a solution containing iodide (I-) and bromide (Br-) ions. What reaction would occur if the concentration of each species is 1 M? The electrode potentials for the reactions are: Solution Since the reduction potential of Br2 is more than that of I2, it means that bromine can be readily reduced. Therefore, I- will be oxidized to I2 and this reaction should be written as oxidation. Therefore, the following reactions will occur: Since for the feasibility of the reaction, the emf should be +ve, and to get + ve value for the cell reaction, subtract the equation representing lower value of E ° from the equation representing the higher value of E °. Q:-. What will be the spontaneous reaction between the following half-cell reactions? Calculate Ecell. Solution Since the reduction potential of reaction (ii) is more than that of reaction (i); reaction (ii) will occur as reduction. Therefore, reaction (i) should be written as oxidation. To obtain the net reaction, we multiply the reactions by appropriate coefficients so that electrons get cancelled. Ecell = Esubstance reduced Esubstance oxidized = 1.28 (- 0.74) = 2.02V To predict the spontaneity of any redox reaction:- For any spontaneous reaction (deltaG) should be negative.Since deltaG = -nFE cell Hence E cell should be positive for spontaneous reaction. E cell is the emf of the cell and is calculated from the standard redox potentials by using the reaction. E cell = Ecathode Eanode If E cell is positive, the cell reaction is spontaneous, otherwise not. To predict the Replacement tendency :- The relative ease with which the various species of metals and ions may be oxidized or reduced is indicated by the reduction potential values. The metals with lower reduction potential are not reduced easily but are easily oxidized to their ions losing electrons. These electrons would reduce the other metals having higher reduction potentials. In other words, a metal having smaller reduction potential can displace metals having larger reduction potentials from the solution of their salt.For example, copper lies above silver in the electrochemical series, therefore, if copper metal is added to AgNO3 solution, silver is displaced from the solution. In general a metal occupying higher position in the series can displace the metals lying below it from the solutions of their salts and so are more reactive in displacing the other metals. Thus, Li is the most electropositive element in solutions and fluorine is the most electronegative element. To predict the correct Metallurgical Methods :- Eo values of Cu,H2O and Al are +0.34V,-0.83V and -1.66V.It means Cu gets more easily reduced than water and water gets more easily reduced than aluminium.Hence copper can be produced by the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulphate but not aluminium.this is due to the fact that when Al3+(aq) is electrolysed,the H2O will be electrolysed but not Al3+(aq). For calculation of Equilibrium Constant :- Therefore measurement of E o enables the determination of the equilibrium constant for the electrode reaction.

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Biography

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his vast collection of masterpieces, Ernest Hemingway uses his own characteristics to set a moral code for his various heroes. This sportsman like code is based on the admiration of the physical virtues of courage and endurance. While not necessary for sustaining society, the code conforms the characters to one set of characteristics (McCaffery 237). One key element of this code is stoic endurance in the face of calamity. Hemingway's code heroes posses a grin-and-bear it attitude even in the most dire of tragedies and bounce back seemingly unaffected (McCaffery 237). Often Hemingway tests the moral of the character in confrontations with death, which frequently directs his plots to violent situations. The very idea of living in Hemingway's imaginative world is a test of endurance, but through his cod heroes he portrays the idea that perseverance through tragedy will result in triumph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From an early age Hemingway was a rugged, enduring boy with an insatiable desire for action. "The father gave him his first fishing rod when Ernest was not yet three years old an his first shotgun when he was ten"(McCaffery 45). In his school years he had a strong competitive spirit and a burning wish to excel. At the age of fourteen, Hemingway persuaded his father to pay for boxing lessons. On the first day he sparred with young A'Hearn, a middleweight training for his next fight, and Hemingway was quickly knocked down with a bloody nose. Hemingway responded to the question of why he fought by saying "I wasn't that scared" (McCaffery 45). After graduation he was rejected from the army because of an injured eye. He endured this minor setback and signed up as a Red Cross a... ...aker, Carlos. Hemingway the Writer as Artist. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1973. Walter, Caterway. Catherine's Role in A Farewell to Arms. Rpt in Harold Bloom Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Broomall, Pennsylvania : Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. Geismar, Maxwell. Writers in Crisis the American Novel, 1925-1940. Boston, Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin, 1961. Gellens, Jay. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. _____. In Our Time. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. _____. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York : Collier Books, 1961. McCaffery, John. Ernest Hemingway: the Man and His Works. New York : Cooper Square Publishers, 1969.

Attitude in All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front shows the change in attitudes of the men before and during the war. This novel is able to portray the overwhelming effects and power war has to deteriorate the human spirit. Starting out leaving you're home and family and ready to fight for you country, to ending up tired and scarred both physically and mentally beyond description. At the beginning of the novel nationalist feelings are present through pride of Paul and the rest of the boys. However at the end of the war it is apparent how pointless war really is. All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that greatly helps in the understanding the effects war. The novel best shows the attitudes of the soldiers before the war and during the war. Before the war there are high morals and growing nationalist feelings. During the war however, the soldiers discover the trauma of war. They discover that it is a waste of time and their hopes and dreams of their life fly further and further away. The remains of Paul Baumer's company had moved behind the German front les for a short rest at the beginning of the novel. After Baumer became Paul's first dead schoolmate, Paul viewed the older generation bitterly, particularly Kantorek, the teacher who convinced Paul and his classmates to join the military. " While they taut that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already that death-throes are stronger.... And we saw that there was nothing of their world left. We were all at once terribly alone, and alone we must see it through."(P. 13) Paul fe lt completely betrayed. " We will make ourselves comfortable and sleep, and eat as much as we can stuff into our bellies, and drink and smoke so that hours are not wasted. Life is short." (P 139) Views of death and becoming more comfortable with their destiny in the r became more apparent throughout the novel. Paul loses faith in the war in each passing day. * Through out the novel it was evident that the war scarred the soldiers permanently mentally. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. "When we runt again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think: "where's Himmelstoss?" Quickly I jump back into the dug-out and find him with a small scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded.

People Should Look After Their Health as a Duty to Society They Live in Rather Than Personal Benefits Essay

It has long been believed that an individual’s health is a private matter. However, in contemporary society, where human interaction is frequent and medical costs are high, the health of any individual concerns the whole community. Society as a whole suffers when an individual falls ill. Nowadays, a disease can spread very quickly between people in the same community and even across national borders. If a single patient is not diagnosed and treated in time, many more people will be affected. In addition, the high cost of medical treatment a patient requires is usually paid by the government and society. A smoker who suffers from lung cancer, for example, is making other taxpayers pay for his habit. For these reasons, health is more than just a personal matter. In the same way, good health benefits society as well as the individual. By keeping fit, a person is not only investing in his/her future, but also contributing to the overall productivity of society. That is the reason why many governments encourage their people to participate in sports as a way of boosting their health. Some people might argue that their freedom will be limited if their health is regarded as a public matter. However, I would like to point out that personal enjoyment should never be placed above public interests. Drug users, for example, are punished in any civilized society. In conclusion, health is not an issue like seatbelts which affect only the individual. In an era when everybody is involved with everybody else, people should look after their health for the sake of society as well as themselves.

Genesis Gonzalez

Genesis GonzalezApril 18, 2018DefenseAngelia Alam – Opening StatementMatthew Tem- ChemicalRthura Cevallos- MedicalMayra Reyes- GeologistOdorico SanNicolas- EpidemiologyGenesis Gonzalez & Riley Desmarais- Companies/expert witnessesLily K. – Closing StatementStatement of ChargeSchlichtmann charged W.R. Grace & Company, of New York, and Beatrice Foods Company, of Chicago, claiming both companies had contaminated two municipal wells in East Woburn. W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being charged individually for incorrectly disposing the following chemicals:Trichloroethylene (TCE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA)1,2-trans-dichloroethylene (DCE)Chloroform. W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both individually responsible for exposing the residents of Woburn, Massachusetts to the toxic amounts of chemicals and/or the dangerous illnesses, mental disease, and emotional sufferings brought about by the contamination of the water through chemicals in wells G and H. Some of the known causes of these exposing oneself to such chemicals are leukemia/ other cancers, damage to one's organs, neurological problems, disease, and even cardiac arrhythmias.Statement of ResponsibilityI, Genesis Gonzalez, am representing W.R. Grace ; Company along with Beatrice Foods Company. Both companies are being blamed by the plaintiffs for not properly disposing of the chemicals which were found in the wells, and they are charging us for their children becoming ill and acquiring leukemia. Neither of these companies had any involvement in the contamination of wells G and H, where the residents of Woburn received their water. Both W.R. Grace ; Company and Beatrice Foods Company followed all regulations which were required at the time of the incident. It seems the river was believed to be already contaminated before arriving to the wells, thus explaining why even though the companies' disposed chemicals into the river, leukemia did not come from either of the companies sources. There is no way the companies are to blame for the plaintiffs claims because they managed the wells not the water in those wells. Therefore, the chemicals that were used from W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company have no relation to the children of certain residents getting leukemia, as other members from my group have tried to state and prove. They need someone to blame for this series of unfortunate events and since W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company were local companies, they put the blame on them.Evidence for ArgumentW.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being held responsible for the illness and resulting deaths of children of the residents in the Woburn, Massachusetts area due to the contamination of wells G and H which, according to the parents of the children, gave them leukemia. W.R. Grace & Company did dispose their waste in the river behind the plants each evening and even though it tested positive for Trichloroethylene, it could not have been the cause to the illness and death of the children. W.R. Grace & Company followed all regulations to the best of their ability in that time period to keep the company safe, and they did because the chemicals they disposed of, as displayed by our experts, cannot be found in leukemia. Wells G and H were not contaminated by the company's disposal of chemicals, but rather by the flow of the river water. We have reasons to believe the river water was contaminated before it reached wells G and H. Trichloroethylene could have been part of what created leukemia, however, it was not only Trichloroethylene, which is what the plaintiffs are arguing we disposed of incorrectly. It is stated in Woburn's City Hall that â€Å"Woburn's public water supply is over 125 years old, one of the oldest systems in the state. Development of the water supply system closely followed the growth of the city's population and industry.† This statement goes to show that the water supply in Woburn was old and could have been one of the reasons for it being contaminated which makes W.R. Grace & Company not to blame, but rather the government.Beatrice Foods Company purchased fifteen acres of land in the Woburn area where wells G and H belonged. The investigators found a dozen decaying barrels of waste that containedsome Trichloroethylene, but they were decaying because they were left for such a long period of time, leading to the conclusion that this could not have been a valid reason to charge Beatrice Foods Company. The decaying barrels were simply on the property Beatrice Foods Company owned, they did no damage to the river nor the wells. Hence, this charge is invalid towards this Beatrice Foods Company because the barrels were simply placed there and a photograph has proven the waste shown. â€Å"Historic aerial photographs of the site showed drums of waste present on the site as early as 1968.† This quote gives proof that Beatrice Foods Company had no way of contaminating wells G and H. Although Trichloroethylene was found in these barrels, as the other experts have already testified, Trichloroethylene alone could not have caused leukemia- it was the river which was contaminated with other chemicals which reacted to the Trichloroethylene. Since Beatrice Foods Company had the barrels on the side of their property it gave the wells more contact with the river. W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both excellent companies and would never intentionally do anything to result in the illness and/or death of a human being. Therefore having the plaintiffs accuse both of these companies for causing multiple illnesses and deaths for not correctly disposing of chemicals is wrong because it was not their fault. The plaintiffs saw this as an opportunity to put the blame on these big companies since they were neighboring the properties to wells G and H, along with the actions they took, but as has been proven, the disposal of the chemicals and the barrels could not have contaminated the wells. Both companies followed the regulations in place for the enhancement of a safe environment within and outside the company. No real identified harm came from the companies, it was simply an accusation to get retribution for the sickness and death of the Woburn children. The chemical, epidemiology, and medical experts, along with the geologist of this case have helped bring in evidence, along with my evidence, to display that Trichloroethylene had slight to zero ties towards leukemia, instead it was the river being alread y polluted when it reached wells G and H. How the chemicals were handled could not have caused leukemia. In the end, the government knew the people of Woburn would be drinking from wells G and H and had the responsibility to ensure the water being drank met the Federal Safe Water Drinking Act standards, making them to blame for allowing the wells to get exposed to whatever caused leukemia.References†Case Summary.† A Civil Action- The Woburn Toxic Trial. N.p., 14 Nov.2016. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference was used in my paper to prove the actions taken against W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company and how the plaintiffs were wrong.Chesler, David.†Woburn's Water Supply.† Woburn's Water Supply: Clean and Safe. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. This reference showed it was neither W.R. Grace & Company nor Beatrice Foods Company's fault the children became sick then died, but rather the government's because they had the responsibility to ensure the safeness of the water since the public drinks from those wells.Myette, Charles F. â€Å"Excerpts from Area of Influence and Zone of Contribution to Superfund Site Wells G ; H Woburn, Massachusetts.† Beyond A Civil Action, U.S. Geological Survey Report. N.p.,01 Nov. 2006. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference points out all of the chemicals found in the river that W.R. Grace & Company and Beatrice Foods Company had no relation, thus proving it was not their fault. It also claims leukemia could not have been caused just by this one chemical that the companies were.